Solvent reservoir configuration for steady flow and monitoring solvent level and density

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are solvent reservoir systems for steady flow delivery and simultaneous monitoring of solvent level and solvent density within the solvent reservoir systems and methods for monitoring the solvent reservoir systems and providing feedback to a user or adjusting the systems in response to the monitored characteristics.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.17/340,287, filed Jun. 7, 2021, and claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 63/036,657, filed Jun. 9, 2020, entitled “SOLVENTRESERVOIR CONFIGURATION FOR STEADY FLOW AND MONITORING SOLVENT LEVEL ANDDENSITY,” which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in itsentireties.

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to a solvent reservoir system, and inparticular, to systems and methods for monitoring a solvent level and asolvent density within the reservoir.

BACKGROUND

Generally, performance of sensitive laboratory equipment, such as liquidchromatography is affected by solvent head pressure changes and solventvolatility. For example, when delivering solvent from a reservoir viagravity, the flow rate changes with the solvent level. When the solventlevel is high, the pressure head is high, and higher flows aredelivered. As the level drops, so does the pressure head, andconsequently, the flow. This has been a long-standing issue whenconsistent flows are desired from a gravity-fed system.

Additionally, solvent levels are often difficult to ascertain due toreservoir location and obstructions thereto, and current systems do nothave any active feedback of solvent level or solvent density. Somesystems may include crude means for accounting for expected solventusage; however, they are typically not very accurate and insufficient orincorrect solvent can ruin a sample run.

In liquid chromatography, for example, a pump is used to provide a flowof solvent to the chromatography system. The solvent composition isoften carefully proportioned and mixed by the pump. Liquidchromatography pumps tend to operate via positive-displacementprinciples, which control the intake volume based on volumetricdisplacement. However, the fluidic path from solvent supply to the pumpincludes some compliance, inertance, and active valves; and the flowcharacteristics can change if there are differences in solventproperties or in the head pressure of the solvent bottles. As thesolvent in the bottle is depleted, the head pressure changes overtime,which can cause slight differences in its delivery to the system. Thiseffect is especially egregious when the solvent bottles are locatedcloser to the pump (in the vertical direction), since the change in thepressure head due to the solvent height constitutes a greater percentageof the total pressure head. This may also be a factor with densersolvents. Many liquid chromatography methods are sensitive to slightchanges in the delivered composition, which can cause undesired shiftsin retention time.

An additional problem faced in liquid chromatography is the monitoringof how much solvent is available to the system. Traditional liquidchromatography systems do not incorporate any kind of feedback mechanismto monitor solvent levels. While the pumps used in liquid chromatographysystems are highly precise and can be used to estimate the requiredamount of solvent, it can be difficult for the user to confirm that theyhave the necessary amount to complete a method set, and a poor estimatecan cause solvent to run out before a process is complete. Inparticular, the solvent bottle tray is often above eye level and canhave many factors obstructing the level of the liquid. Even if thenecessary amount of solvent is confirmed and available, if there is aleak in the system, solvent consumption may be greater than expected,resulting in a similar problem. Certain solvents may also be consumed atmore variable rates. For example, the seal wash pump is typically lessprecise and will have more variability in consumption. In some cases,the user may prepare more solvent than required to ensure they do notrun out, which can add additional cost and complexity for the user. Forexample, there may be more solvent waste due to expiration of solventand the bottle tray may be more crowded due to the larger bottles.

SUMMARY

Generally, the invention is directed to a solvent reservoir system forsteady flow delivery and simultaneous monitoring of solvent level anddensity. The disclosed systems and methods address the problemsdescribed above. A reservoir configuration is disclosed that uses apassive mechanism to stabilize the head pressure in the reservoir, whichresults in the internal pressure of the solvent reservoir varying withthe solvent height in a simple and predictable manner. By incorporatinga pressure sensor to measure the pressure differential between theinterior and exterior of the reservoir, the solvent level can becalculated and used as feedback to the system or user to, for example,trigger alerts, generate error messages, or pause/stop a process whenthe solvent level drops too low or at an unexpected rate, or the solventcomposition has changed.

In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a reservoir system forproviding a solvent to, for example, various types of sensitivelaboratory equipment, such as high pressure liquid chromatography (highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-high-performance liquidchromatography (UHPILC), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC). The system includes a reservoir configured for holding thesolvent, an inlet tube sealingly coupled to the reservoir, an outlettube sealingly coupled to the reservoir, and a pressure sensor sealinglycoupled to the reservoir. The pressure sensor may be configured to senseat least one of an internal pressure (e.g., a gas pressure within thereservoir) or an external pressure (e.g., the ambient atmosphericpressure surrounding the reservoir) of the reservoir and typicallymeasures both.

In another aspect, the disclosure relates to a method of controlling areservoir system, such as those described herein. The method includesproviding a reservoir system, measuring an internal pressure of thereservoir, measuring an external pressure of the reservoir, determininga characteristic of the reservoir system (e.g., solvent level ordensity) based, for example, on the measured pressures and/or knownphysical aspects of the reservoir system (e.g., those described hereinbelow), and outputting a control signal to the reservoir system based onthe determined characteristic. Generally, the characteristic can bedetermined by calculating at least one of the solvent level and/orsolvent density based on the measured data in accordance with one ormore of the equations disclosed below. The reservoir system includes areservoir configured for holding a solvent, an inlet tube sealinglycoupled to the reservoir, an outlet tube sealingly coupled to thereservoir, and a pressure sensor sealingly coupled to the reservoir. Themethod may also include the step of generating a response to the controlsignal, such as triggering an alert (e.g., notifying a user that apassive physical change to the system is required, such as a need for alarger inlet tube), generating a message (e.g., an error message or asystem condition message, such as volume remaining or remaining runtime, etc.), stopping or pausing the laboratory process, initiating arefill of the reservoir, regulating the pressure of the inlet line, oraltering a position of the reservoir (e.g., raising the reservoirrelative to the laboratory process). Additionally, the step ofdetermining a characteristic of the reservoir system comprisesgenerating a signal corresponding to at least one of a solvent level ora solvent density. Additional sensors or sensor configurations may beincluded for measuring, for example, temperature and external pressure.In certain embodiments, the system tracks temperatures and externalpressures to obtain more accurate internal pressure measurements. Insome embodiments, the pressure sensor measures a pressure differentialbetween the internal and external pressure (external pressure being areference) to determine a characteristic of the reservoir system.Additionally, some pressure sensors may be configured to compensate forambient temperature and remain accurate.

In various embodiments of the foregoing aspects, the reservoir isair-tight and may be a Mariotte (or Marriotte's) bottle, where anyunused ports are sealed off. The inlet tube, the outlet tube, and thepressure sensor may be coupled to the reservoir via a common structure,such as a cap or other fitting. In some embodiments, the reservoir ispressurized, for example, with a particular gas that is unreactive withthe solvent in the reservoir. In some embodiments, a diaphragm isdisposed between the pressure sensor and an interior of the reservoirto, for example, protect the sensor from any corrosive or otherwisedestructive vapors within the reservoir. The pressure sensor isconfigured to measure air pressure and may include one or more pressuretransducers (e.g., one for measuring internal pressure and one formeasuring external pressure).

Additionally, the system may include a controller or processor forprocessing one or more signals generated by the pressure sensor andcontrolling one or more functions of the reservoir system, such astriggering an alert, generating a message (e.g., an error message or asystem condition message, such as volume remaining or remaining runtime, etc.), stopping or pausing the laboratory process, initiating arefill of the reservoir, regulating the pressure of the inlet line, oraltering a position of the reservoir (e.g., raising the reservoirrelative to the laboratory process). In some embodiments, and in somecases depending on the geometry of the different components of thereservoir system, the controller may apply a correction factor to thegenerated data to account for the Laplace pressure effect. Alternativelyor additionally, the controller may notify a user to alter the geometryof one of the components of the reservoir system, such as, for example,changing the size and/or geometry of the inlet tube at the air/liquidinterface render the Laplace effect negligible.

In still further embodiments, the system includes a pumping system influid communication with the reservoir via the outlet tube. In somecases, the pumping system is a highly sensitive and precise system formetering the solvent to the laboratory process. In various embodiments,the inlet tube may include an outlet port positioned proximate a bottomarea of the reservoir and an inlet port, where the inlet tube isconfigured to allow a gas to enter the reservoir. In some embodiments,the inlet port of the inlet tube is in fluid communication with at leastone of ambient atmosphere or a remote gas source, such as, for example,a pressurized source of a gas that is compatible with the solvent. Incertain embodiments, the outlet port of the inlet tube may be flared orhave a specific geometry optimized to reduce or eliminate the Laplacepressure effect, which may eliminate the need for applying a correctionfactor to the generated data. In some embodiments, the outlet tubeincludes an inlet port positioned proximate the bottom area of thereservoir and configured draw in the solvent when a negative pressure isapplied to the outlet tube (e.g., via the pumping system). In someembodiments, a sinker (or other weighted structure may be includedproximate the inlet port to maintain its position within the reservoir.The inlet port may also include a filter. The outlet tube may alsoinclude an outlet port in fluid communication with a pumping system via,for example, a combination of fittings, tubing, and/or valving.

Still other aspects, embodiments, and advantages of these exemplaryaspects and embodiments, are discussed in detail below. Moreover, it isto be understood that both the foregoing information and the followingdetailed description are merely illustrative examples of various aspectsand embodiments, and are intended to provide an overview or frameworkfor understanding the nature and character of the claimed aspects andembodiments. Accordingly, these and other objects, along with advantagesand features of the present disclosure herein disclosed, will becomeapparent through reference to the following description and theaccompanying drawings. Furthermore, it is to be understood that thefeatures of the various embodiments described herein are not mutuallyexclusive and may exist in various combinations and permutations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the sameparts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed uponillustrating the principles of the disclosure and are not intended as adefinition of the limits of the disclosure. For purposes of clarity, notevery component may be labeled in every drawing. In the followingdescription, various embodiments of the present disclosure are describedwith reference to the following drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a reservoir system in accordance with oneor more embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of a solvent flow rate vs. time fora reservoir system in accordance with one or more embodiments of thedisclosure;

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of an internal pressure vs. timefor a reservoir system in accordance with one or more embodiments of thedisclosure;

FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of a solvent level vs. time for areservoir system without a correction factor in accordance with one ormore embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of a solvent level vs. time for areservoir system with a correction factor in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the disclosure; and

FIG. 6 is a pictorial representation of the related physics andvariables for applying a correction factor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated inthe drawings, and specific language will be used here to describe thesame. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scopeof the disclosure is thereby intended. Alterations and furthermodifications of the inventive features illustrated herein, andadditional applications of the principles of the disclosure asillustrated herein, which would occur to one skilled in the relevant artand having possession of this disclosure, are to be considered withinthe scope of the disclosure.

FIG. 1 depicts one embodiment of a reservoir system 100 that may be usedwith sensitive laboratory equipment, such as those that rely on thedelivery of precisely metered solvents. As shown in FIG. 1 , the systemincludes a reservoir 102, such as a Mariotte bottle configuration, withan inlet tube 104, an outlet tube 106, and a pressure sensor 108 coupledthereto. In some embodiments, the Mariotte bottle configuration ishelpful to stabilize the head pressure in the reservoir. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 1 , the tubes 104, 106 and the pressure sensor108 are coupled to the reservoir 102 via a cap 110 and an air-tightseal. The size, shape, and material of the reservoir 102 may vary tosuit a particular application (e.g., volume of solvent required for agiven process and/or composition of the solvent). In some embodiments,the reservoir 102 is made from a glass or polymeric material and has avolume of about 10 mL to about 20,000 mL. The reservoir can have asubstantially circular or square cross section to suit a particularapplication. It is also possible for the reservoir 102 to have anon-uniform cross section provided that its geometry is known (e.g.,cross section as a function of height). The reservoir will typicallyhave one or more threaded openings configured to accept, for example,standard GL-35 or GL 45 caps with ¼-28 threaded ports; however, otherports sizes and configurations are contemplated and considered withinthe scope of the invention. In turn, the cap may include a series ofopenings or ports for sealingly engaging with the tubes 104, 108 and thepressure sensor 108.

Generally, the inlet and outlet tubes 104 106 are in fluid communicationwith an interior 114 of the reservoir 102 and an exterior environment116 about the reservoir. In some embodiments, the outlet tube 106 may bein fluid communication with a pump system 122 as opposed to the externalenvironment 116. Specifically, an inlet end or port 104 a (in someembodiments, the inlet includes a fitting and/or a valve arrangementthat can be coupled to an alternative gas source) of the inlet tube 104that is open to the environment 116 and allows air to be drawn into thereservoir 102 via an outlet port 104 b under certain conditions asdiscussed below. In some embodiments, the gas is air at atmosphericpressure; however, in other embodiments, an alternative gas may be usedto avoid oxidation of certain solvents and/or to control gasdissolution. In some embodiments, the inlet port 104 a is fluidlycoupled to a pressure bottle to, for example, regulate pressure tocompensate for fluid density differences and/or ambient temperature andcontrol the pressure head of the reservoir.

The outlet 104 b port of the inlet tube 104 is disposed proximate abottom area of the reservoir 102 (position Z₀). Similarly, the outlettube 106 can have an inlet end 106 a disposed proximate or adjacent tothe bottom of the reservoir 102, which may include a sinker 112 (tomaintain the position of the inlet 106 a) and/or a filter to prevent anycontaminants from entering the outlet tube 106 along with the solvent120. In some cases, the sinker 112 may be fixed relative to the inlettube to provide consistency of performance. The solvent 120 isdischarged from the outlet end 106 b of the outlet tube 106. Typically,the solvent is drawn out via the pumping system 122 or gravity. Thesize, material, and length of the tubes 104, 106 will vary to suit aparticular application. In some embodiments, the inlet tube 104 is about1/16 inch in diameter to about ¼ inch in diameter. In some embodiments,the outlet tube 106 is about ¼ inch in diameter to about ½ inch indiameter. In some embodiments, the gas inlet tube 104 may include acheck valve (not shown) to prevent the escape of solvent vapors. Thetubes 104, 106 may be made of a polymeric or stainless steel material(e.g., 316 SS), or other solvent-compatible materials such as MP35N,Titanium, glass, or ceramics.

In various embodiments, the pressure sensor 108 may include one or morepressure transducers used to monitor the gas pressure in the reservoir102 and provide feedback relative to the solvent density and/or thesolvent level. The pressure sensor 108 is used to measure the internalpressure of the reservoir 102, which changes in a predictable mannerwith respect to the solvent level. The sensor 108 is not submergedwithin the solvent and, in certain embodiments, is separated from theinterior 116 of the reservoir 102 via a diaphragm 124 to protect thesensor 108 from, for example, corrosive vapors created by the solvent120. This configuration allows for gas pressure transducers to be used,which are less costly, easier to integrate, and would have bettersensitivity than a liquid pressure sensor that may need to be submerged.The data generated via the pressure sensor 108 may be transmitted to acontroller or processor 126 that may be configured to control theoperation of the reservoir system 100, and in some cases, theexperimental process incorporating the reservoir system 100. Examples ofprocessors are described below.

The Mariotte bottle configuration relates to the use of a container ofliquid that has a one or more liquid outlets 106 and at least one gasinlet tube 104. The gas inlet tube 104 is typically exposed toatmospheric pressure at one end, and the other end is submerged in thesolvent. The bottle/reservoir 102 is otherwise completely sealed andairtight. As liquid is drawn out of the bottle, a slight vacuum isgenerated in the bottle that causes gas (typically air) to be drawn intothe reservoir 102 through the inlet tube 104 due to the pressuredifferential. Once enough gas is drawn in, the gas will reach the end ofthe inlet tube 104 and bubble out into the solution/reservoir. At thispoint, the pressure at the outlet 104 b of the gas inlet tube 104 mustbe exactly balanced against atmospheric pressure, and a stable dynamicequilibrium is reached where that pressure at that height remains fixed,so long as the air/liquid interface is at the end of the tube. Thisstabilizes the pressure at all other points within the solvent 120. Asmore solvent is drawn out, more air is drawn in, which relieves some ofthe vacuum in the reservoir and the pressure differential in the gasperfectly compensates for the pressure differential due to the solventlevel changing. The Mariotte bottle configuration will operate asexpected so long as the gas inlet tube is submerged in the solvent 120.When the solvent level drops below the gas inlet tube 104, the pressurein the reservoir 102 will equilibrate with atmospheric and the headpressure of the liquid will again change with solvent level.

In addition to passively stabilizing the pressure head within thereservoir, the disclosed systems can be used for monitoring the solventlevel in the reservoir 102. Since the operating principle of a Mariottebottle relies on the gas/vapor pressure in the bottle changing tocompensate for the solvent level, by measuring that pressure, one cancalculate the level of the solvent relative to the end of the inlet tube(Z₀) if its density (ρ) is known. If the density is unknown, it can becalculated from a simple calibration of applying a steady flow andmeasuring the pressure change over time if the cross sectional area ofthe reservoir (A) is known. For example, where the flow rate and bottlegeometry are known, the density can be calculated for auto-calibrationor for checking if it matches the expected solvent density. If thedensity (ρ) is known, the cross sectional area (A) of the reservoir 102can be calculated instead to quickly calibrate for an unknown reservoirsize. These relationships are captured in equations {1} and {2} below.If a reservoir does not have a uniform cross sectional area, its solventlevel can still be measured, but it would need to be carefullycorrelated with reservoir geometry for volume calculations.

$\begin{matrix}{Z_{1} = {Z_{0} + \frac{\left( {P_{ATM} - P_{1}} \right)}{\rho g}}} & {{Equation}1:}\end{matrix}$ $\begin{matrix}{\frac{\Delta P_{1}}{\Delta t} = \frac{\rho gQ}{A}} & {{Equation}2:}\end{matrix}$

Where: Z₁ is the level of the solvent in the reservoir;

-   -   Z_(o) is the level of the gas inlet tube;    -   P_(ATM) is the pressure of the gas outside the reservoir        (typically atmospheric);    -   P₁ is the pressure of the gas/vapor inside the reservoir;    -   ρ is the solvent density;    -   g is the gravitational constant;    -   t is time;    -   Q is the solvent flow rate; and    -   A is the cross sectional area of the reservoir (assuming it is        uniform).

In many cases, the pressure change due to the solvent level changing canbe small enough to be on the same order of magnitude as the Laplacepressure due to the pressure difference across the bubble interface ofthe gas entering the bottle. In these cases, the solvent height datacould be significantly offset by the Laplace pressure. As such, in somecase, it is necessary to apply a Laplace pressure correction (Equation3). FIG. 6 provides a pictorial representation of the related physicsand variables for applying the correction factor. It may be possible tochange the inlet tube geometry at the gas/liquid interface to mitigatethe magnitude of the Laplace pressure, for example by increasing theradius at the end of the tube.

$\begin{matrix}{{\Delta P} = \frac{2\gamma}{r}} & {{Equation}3:}\end{matrix}$

Where: ΔP is the pressure jump across the bubble interface;

-   -   γ is the surface tension of the liquid-gas interface;    -   r is the radius of the bubble (assuming a spherical bubble, one        can assume r is equal to the gas inlet tube radius);

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of a solvent flow rate vs. time fordifferent reservoir systems. Three trials were carried out using aconventional system vs. a reservoir system in accordance with one ormore embodiments of the invention. As can be seen in the graph, the flowrate of the reservoir systems in accordance with the inventionmaintained relatively constant flow rates, while the conventionalsystems suffered a significant drop off in flow rate after a relativelyshort period of time.

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of an internal pressure vs. timefor a reservoir system in accordance with one or more embodiments of thedisclosure. Again, three trial were carried out using the inventivereservoir system. As can be seen, the internal pressure of the reservoirchanges linearly, and the pressure at the outlet to the equipment isrelatively constant (i.e., stable). When the solvent level falls belowthe gas inlet tube there is a slight disruption in the curve trends asnoted on the figure, and the internal pressure returns to ambient.

FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of a solvent level vs. time for areservoir system in accordance with one or more embodiments of thedisclosure, where no correction factor is applied. Generally, the graphdepicts the generated solvent levels over time vs. the expected solventlevel over time for three trials, using water. As can be seen, thegenerated solvent levels tracked with the expected solvent level, butwith a slight offset.

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of a solvent level vs. time for areservoir system in accordance with one or more embodiments of thedisclosure, where a correction factor has been applied. Similar to FIG.4 , the three generated solvent levels over time still tracked theexpected solvent level, but with a significantly less offset.

In general, the word “controller” or “processor” are used herein intheir broad and ordinary sense and refer, for example, to logic embodiedin hardware or firmware, or to a collection of software instructions,possibly having entry and exit points, written in a programminglanguage, such as, for example, Java, C or C++. A software module may becompiled and linked into an executable program, installed in a dynamiclink library, or may be written in an interpreted programming languagesuch as, for example, BASIC, Perl, or Python. It will be appreciatedthat software modules may be callable from other modules or fromthemselves, and/or may be invoked in response to detected events orinterrupts.

Software instructions may be embedded in firmware, such as an EPROM. Itwill be further appreciated that hardware modules may be comprised ofconnected logic units, such as gates and flip-flops, and/or may becomprised of programmable units, such as programmable gate arrays,application specific circuits, or hardware processors. The modulesdescribed herein are preferably implemented as software modules, but maybe represented in hardware or firmware.

Generally, the controllers/processors described herein refer to logicalmodules that may be combined with other modules or divided intosub-modules despite their physical organization or storage.

The various logical blocks, modules, data structures, and processesreferred to herein may be implemented or performed by a machine, such asa computer, a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmablegate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate ortransistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combinationthereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A processormay be a microprocessor, a controller, a microcontroller, a statemachine, combinations of the same, or the like. A processor may also beimplemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, acombination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality ofmicroprocessors or processor cores, one or more graphics or streamprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP, orany other such configuration.

The blocks or states of the processes described herein may be embodieddirectly in hardware or firmware, in a software module executed by ahardware processor, or in a combination of the two. For example, each ofthe processes described above may also be embodied in, and fullyautomated by, software modules executed by one or more machines such ascomputers or computer processors. A module may reside in anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium such as RAM memory,flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a harddisk, a removable disk, an optical storage disk, memory capable ofstoring firmware, or any other form of computer readable storage medium.An exemplary computer-readable storage medium can be coupled to aprocessor such that the processor can read information from, and writeinformation to, the computer readable storage medium. In thealternative, the computer-readable storage medium may be integral to theprocessor. The processor and the computer-readable storage medium mayreside in an ASIC. Hardware components may communicate with othercomponents via wired or wireless communication networks such as, e.g.,the Internet, a wide area network, a local area network, or some othertype of network.

Depending on the embodiment, certain acts, events, or functions of anyof the processes or algorithms described herein can be performed in adifferent sequence, may be added, merged, or left out altogether. Thus,in certain embodiments, not all described acts or events are necessaryfor the practice of the processes. Moreover, in certain embodiments,acts or events may be performed concurrently, e.g., throughmulti-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or via multipleprocessors or processor cores, rather than sequentially.

Having now described some illustrative embodiments of the disclosure, itshould be apparent to those skilled in the art that the foregoing ismerely illustrative and not limiting, having been presented by way ofexample only. Numerous modifications and other embodiments are withinthe scope of one of ordinary skill in the art and are contemplated asfalling within the scope of the disclosure. In particular, although manyof the examples presented herein involve specific combinations of methodacts or system elements, it should be understood that those acts andthose elements may be combined in other ways to accomplish the sameobjectives.

Furthermore, those skilled in the art should appreciate that theparameters and configurations described herein are exemplary and thatactual parameters and/or configurations will depend on the specificapplication in which the systems and techniques of the disclosure areused. Those skilled in the art should also recognize or be able toascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, equivalents tothe specific embodiments of the disclosure. It is, therefore, to beunderstood that the embodiments described herein are presented by way ofexample only and that, within the scope of any appended claims andequivalents thereto; the disclosure may be practiced other than asspecifically described.

The phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. As used herein, theterm “plurality” refers to two or more items or components. The terms“comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” and“involving,” whether in the written description or the claims and thelike, are open-ended terms, i.e., to mean “including but not limitedto.” Thus, the use of such terms is meant to encompass the items listedthereafter, and equivalents thereof, as well as additional items. Onlythe transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, withrespect to any claims. Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,”“third,” and the like in the claims to modify a claim element does notby itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claimelement over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method areperformed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claimelement having a certain name from another element having a same name(but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish claim elements.

What is claimed is: 1-15. (canceled)
 16. A reservoir system forproviding a solvent, the system comprising: a reservoir configured forholding the solvent; an inlet tube sealingly coupled to the reservoir;an outlet tube sealingly coupled to the reservoir; a sensor coupled tothe reservoir and configured to measure a physical aspect of thereservoir system and generate a signal representative of acharacteristic of the reservoir system; and a processor configured toprocess the generated signal and, in response, generate a control signalbased on the characteristic of the reservoir system to at least one ofprovide feedback to a user or control one or more functions of thereservoir system.
 17. The reservoir system of claim 16, wherein thefeedback comprises at least one of a triggered alert or a generatedmessage.
 18. The reservoir system of claim 17, wherein the generatedmessage includes at least one of an error message or a system condition,including at least one of a solvent level, a solvent density, a solventflow rate, a system run time, or a system pressure.
 19. The reservoirsystem of claim 16, wherein the processor configured to control one ormore functions of the reservoir system is further configured to at leastone of pause a laboratory process, stop a laboratory process, initiate arefill of the reservoir, regulate a pressure in the inlet tube, or altera position of the reservoir.
 20. The reservoir system of claim 16,wherein the sensor comprises at least one of a pressure sensor or atemperature sensor.
 21. The reservoir system of claim 20, wherein thepressure sensor comprises one or more pressure transducers.
 22. Thereservoir system of claim 16, wherein the reservoir is air-tight. 23.The reservoir system of claim 16, wherein the reservoir is a Mariottebottle.
 24. The reservoir system of claim 16, further comprising apumping system in fluid communication with the reservoir via the outlettube.
 25. The reservoir system of claim 16, wherein the inlet tubecomprises an outlet port positioned proximate a bottom area of thereservoir and the inlet tube is configured to allow a gas to enter thereservoir.
 26. The reservoir system of claim 16, wherein the inlet tubefurther comprises an inlet port, wherein the inlet port can be in fluidcommunication with at least one of an ambient atmosphere or a remote gassource.
 27. The reservoir system of claim 24, wherein the outlet tubecomprises an inlet port positioned proximate a bottom area of thereservoir and an outlet port in fluid communication with a pumpingsystem.